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[Note: When searching articles, use the "show details" link in order to see the name of the author and a brief excerpt. Clicking on "hide details" will return you to the headlines.] Basic searching You can search using a single word: education or a combination of words: higher education Phrase searching If you want your terms to appear next to each other in a specific order, enclose them in quotation marks. For example: "higher education" will find only those listings with that exact phrase. (Note: If you search by phrase, none of the special characters -- asterisks, tildes, plus or minus signs -- described below will work within the quotation marks.) Query expansion You may wish to expand your search in order to find more results. The primary way to do this is to use a comma between words and phrases. For example: college, university, teaching, "higher education" will find grants with either college OR university OR teaching OR higher education in them. You can also use the wild card character, an asterisk (*), to expand your search. For example: teach* will find listings with the words teach, teacher, teachers, or teaching in them. (Some plurals are automatically found by the search engine, but the wild card character can expand this further.) To expand your search even more, use the expansion character, a tilde (~), in front your search term. For example: ~educate will find listings with words such as school, training, instruct, teach, teacher, etc. (Note: Expansion searching can be time consuming and results will not always be helpful.) Query refining You can refine your search in other ways. You may have found, for example, that the above search (college, university, teaching, "higher education") retrieved too many irrelevant results. You could approach this problem in a couple of ways. The plus (+) sign indicates that a term or phrase MUST appear in the search results. For example, a search for: college, university, teaching, +"higher education" means that the search results must contain listings that have the phrase "higher education" and must include EITHER college OR university OR teaching. You may also use the minus (-) sign to indicate that a term or phrase must NOT appear in the search results. A search for: college, university, teaching, "higher education" -elementary will retrieve your listings (with EITHER college OR university OR teaching OR higher education) but without the word elementary. If you have questions, or seem to be experiencing problems with searching, send an e-mail message to help@philanthropy.com Copyright © 2008 The Chronicle of Philanthropy